化学表达问题的逻辑辨析与集论表述(Ⅱ)

以大学化学表达的科学性、严谨性和潜在学术性等问题为案例,引导学生去质疑、发现、分析问题并加以解决。同时运用逻辑学和集合论的新方法深入地辨析和刻画,从而有效地启发、培养和提升学生的批判性和创新性思维,也藉此作为描述性化学走向论理性和数学化的初步尝试。     

Sandwich教学法在物理化学教学中的应用——以化学势表达式的推导为例

以化学势表达式的推导为例,探究了Sandwich教学法在物理化学教学中的应用。详细介绍了Sandwich教学法实施过程中教师如何提出问题以呈现教学目标,学生如何通过自主学习与全班交流来探究与解决问题,以及最后又如何通过总结与反馈回归教学目标。通过以学生为主体的Sandwich教学过程的实施,学生对化学势概念、热力学基本方程及状态函数法等重要的物理化学基本概念、公式及方法有了更深入的理解和掌握。Sandwich教学方法相较于传统教学模式更能激发学生学习的主动性和积极性,从而提高学生学习物理化学的兴趣与效果。     

A class imbalance-aware Relief algorithm for the classification of tumors using microarray gene expression data

DNA microarray data has been widely used in cancer research due to the significant advantage helped to successfully distinguish between tumor classes. However, typical gene expression data usually presents a high-dimensional imbalanced characteristic, which poses severe challenge for traditional machine learning methods to construct a robust classifier performing well on both the minority and majority classes. As one of the most successful feature weighting techniques, Relief is considered to particularly suit to handle high-dimensional problems. Unfortunately, almost all relief-based methods have not taken the class imbalance distribution into account. This study identifies that existing Relief-based algorithms may underestimate the features with the discernibility ability of minority classes, and ignore the distribution characteristic of minority class samples. As a result, an additional bias towards being classified into the majority classes can be introduced. To this end, a new method, named imRelief, is proposed for efficiently handling high-dimensional imbalanced gene expression data. imRelief can correct the bias towards to the majority classes, and consider the scattered distributional characteristic of minority class samples in the process of estimating feature weights. This way, imRelief has the ability to reward the features which perform well at separating the minority classes from other classes. Experiments on four microarray gene expression data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of imRelief in both feature weighting and feature subset selection applications.     

Power-law distribution of gene expression fluctuations

Large-scale genomic technologies has opened new possibilities to infer gene regulatory networks from time series data. Here, we investigate the relationship between the dynamic information of gene expression in time series and the underlying network structure. First, our results show that the distribution of gene expression fluctuations (i.e., standard deviation) follows a power-law. This finding indicates that while most genes exhibit a relatively low variation in expression level, a few genes are revealed as highly variable genes. Second, we propose a stochastic model that explains the emergence of this power-law behavior. The model derives a relationship that connects the standard deviation (variance) of each node to its degree. In particular, it allows us to identify a global property of the underlying genetic regulatory network, such as the degree exponent, by only computing dynamic information. This result not only offers an interesting link to explore the topology of real systems without knowing the real structure but also supports earlier findings showing that gene networks may follow a scale-free distribution.     

Large eddy simulation of turbulent premixed piloted flame using artificial thickened flame model coupled with tabulated chemistry

A sub-grid scale (SGS) combustion model, which combines the artificial thickened flame (ATF) model with the flamelet generated manifold (FGM) tabulation method, is proposed. Based on the analysis of laminar flame structures, two self-contained flame sensors are used to track the diffusion and reaction processes with different spatial scales in the flame front, respectively. The dynamic formulation for the proposed SGS combustion model is also performed. Large eddy simulations (LESs) of Bunsen flame F3 are used to evaluate the different SGS combustion models. The results show that the proposed SGS model has the ability in predicting the distributions of temperature and velocity reasonably, while the predictions for the distributions of some species need further improvement. The snapshots of instantaneous normalized progress variables reveal that the flame is more remarkably and severely wrinkled at the flame tip for flame F3. More satisfactory results obtained by the dynamic model indicate that it can preserve the premixed flame propagation characteristics better.     

ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FROZEN CLAY AND MODIFIED S-M CREEP MODEL1)

为合理描述人工冻结法施工的矿井土层力学特性,对某矿井土样的重塑土进行单轴抗压强度实验和单轴压缩蠕变实验,得到重塑冻结黏土在不同温度及载荷加载等级下的应力-应变曲线和蠕变曲线。实验结果表明：冻结温度越低,土样的单轴强度越大;相同冻结温度下,土样的蠕变变形随着应力水平的升高而增大。单轴压缩蠕变的等时应力-应变曲线随时间发展向应变轴靠拢;土样经历初始蠕变和等速蠕变两个阶段,在较高应力水平下有进入加速蠕变的趋势;对S-M模型中各参数的意义进行修正并考虑温度的影响,得到人工冻结黏土改进S-M蠕变显式模型,然后采用粒子群算法对人工冻结黏土S-M蠕变模型参数进行优化。改进S-M蠕变显式模型理论计算值与实验值吻合良好,表明改进S-M蠕变显式模型能较好模拟人工冻结黏土的蠕变特性。改进S-M蠕变显式模型为人工冻土蠕变计算提供一种新方法。     

超声速流动中非线性EASM湍流模式应用研究

针对超声速复杂流动区域精确模拟的需要,发展了基于k-ω可压缩修正形式的非线性显式代数雷诺应力模式（EASM）,提高了该模式对超声速复杂流动的数值模拟精度。通过对二维超声速凹槽和三维双椭球的数值计算表明,与SA和SST常规线性涡黏性湍流模式比较,非线性的EASM模式对大分离以及剪切层流动结构的刻画能力更精细,对剪切层再附区的压力及摩擦系数分布模拟更加精确;EASM模式能够准确地模拟二次激波引起的压强和热流分布情况。     

Ambiguous Discrimination of General Quantum Operations

We consider the problem of discriminating general quantum operations. Using the definition of mapping operator to vector, and by some calculating skills, we derive an explicit formulation as a new bound on the minimum-error probability for ambiguous discrimination between arbitrary m quantum operations. This formulation consists only of Kraus-operators, the dimension, and the priori probabilities of the discriminated quantum operations, and is independent of input states. To some extent, we further generalize the bounds on the minimum-error probability for discriminating mixed states to quantum operations.     

牵张力使大鼠实验性牙齿移动对PTHrP表达的影响

通过探讨牵张力对甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白(Parathyroid hormone related protein,PTHrP)表达、分布的影响,为深入了解正畸牙齿移动过程的骨改建机理提供参考,本文使用体重200±20g、6～8W龄的健康雄性Wistar大鼠42只适应性喂养1W后随机分为7组,每组6只。选择每只大鼠的左侧上颌第一磨牙作为实验牙,以左侧上颌切牙作为支抗牙,安装正畸用0.012英寸(inch)步镍钛螺旋拉簧,力值为50g(0.49N)。分别于安装牙齿移动装置后1d、3d、5d、7d、14d、21d处死实验组大鼠,取含左侧上颌第一磨牙及其周围牙槽骨的组织块,常规进行HE染色和SABC法免疫组织化学染色。利用图像分析系统(0BI200高清晰度彩色病理图文分析系统),对每张免疫组化染色后的切片做定量分析。SPSS17.0建立数据库并进行统计学分析,显示在张力区牙周膜及牙槽骨组织中的成骨细胞、成纤维细胞以及间充质细胞PTHrP呈阳性表达,且张力区牙周组织中PTHrP的表达在加力第5天达到高峰。表明PTHrP牙周组织的改建有一定的调节作用,使张力区与压力区向不同的方向发展。